New Power Source Being Tested in Secret

6 January 2010 by admin.

The next time you are driving around the Washington DC beltway, the New York State Thruway, I80 through Nebraska or I5 running through California or any of a score of other major highways in the US, you are part of a grand experiment to create an emergency source of electric power.  It is a simple concept but complex in its implementation and revolutionary in its technology.  Let me explain from the beginning… 

We cannot generate electricity directly.  We have to use either chemical, mechanical solar or nuclear energy and then convert that energy to electricity – often making more than one conversion such as nuclear to heat to steam to mechanical to electrical.  These conversion processes are inefficient and expensive to do in large quantities.  They are also very difficult to build because of the environmental groups, inspections, regulations, competition with utilities and investment costs.   The typical warfare primer says to target the infrastructure first.  Wipe out the utilities and you seriously degrade the ability of the enemy to coordinate a response.  The US government has bunkers and stored food and water but has to rely mostly on public utilities or emergency generators for electricity.   Since the public utilities are also a prime target, that leaves only the emergency generators but they require large quantities of fuel that must be stored until needed.  A 10-megawatt generator might use 2500 gals of fuel per day.  That mandates a huge storage tank of fuel that is also in demand by car and aircraft.  This is not the kind of tenuous link of survivability that the government likes to rely on. 

The government has been looking for years for ways to bypass all this reliance on utilities out of their control and sharing of fuel with the goal of creating a power source that is exclusively theirs and can be counted upon when all other forms of power have been destroyed.  They have been looking for ways to extend their ability to operate during and after an attack for years.  For the past ten years or more they have been building and are experimenting with one that relies on you and me to create their electricity. The theory is that you can create electricity with a small source of very powerful energy – such as nuclear – or from a very large source of relatively weak energy – such as water or wind.   The difficultly and complexity and cost rises sharply as you go from the weak energy sources to the powerful energy sources.  You can build thousands of wind generators for the cost of one nuclear power plant.  That makes the weak energy sources more desirable for the movement to invest in.  The problem is that it takes a huge amount of this weak energy source to create any large volumes of electricity.  Also the nature of having a clandestine source of power means that they can’t put of a thousand wind generators or build a bunch of dams.  The dilemma comes in trying to balance the high power needs with a low cost while keeping it all hidden from everyone.  Now they have done all that. 

If you have traveled very much on interstate highways, you have probably seen long sections of the highway being worked on in which they cut rectangular holes (about 6 feet long, by 18 inches wide by nearly four feet deep) in the perfectly good concrete highway and then fill them up again.  In some places, they have done this for hundreds of miles – cutting these holes every 20 to 30 feet – tens of thousands of these holes throughout the interstate highway system.  Officially, these holes are supposed to be to fix a design flaw in the highway by adding in missing thermal expansion sections to keep the highway from cracking up during very hot or very cold weather.  But that is not the truth. 

There are three errors with that logic.   (1) The highways already have expansion gaps built into the design.  These are the black lines – filled with compressible tar – that create those miles of endless ‘tickety-tickety-tick” sound as you drive over them.  The concrete is laid down in sections with as much as 3 inches between sections that is filled in with tar.  These entire sections expand and contract in weather and squeeze the tar up into those irritating repeating bumps.  No other thermal expansion is needed. 

(2) The holes they cut (using diamond saws) are dug out to below the gravel base and then refilled with poured concrete.  When done, the only sign it happened is that the new concrete is a different color.  Since they refilled it with the same concrete that they took out, the filling has the same thermal expansion qualities as the original so there is no gain.  If there were thermal problems before, then they would have had the same problems after the “fix”.  Makes no sense.   (3) Finally, the use of concrete in our US interstate system was based on the design of the Autobahn in Germany which the Nazi’s built prior to WWII.  Dozens of years of research was done on the Autobahn and more on our highway system before we built the 46,000 miles of the Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, as it was called back in 1956.  The need for thermal expansion was well known and designed into every mile of highway and every section of overpass and bridge ever built.  The idea that they forgot that basic aspect of physics and construction is simply silly.  Ignoring, for a moment, that this is a highly unlikely design mistake, the most logical fix would have been to simply cut more long thin/narrow lines into the concrete and fill them with tar.  Digging an 18” wide by 6 foot long by 40-inch deep hole is entirely unneeded. 

Ok, so if they are not for thermal expansion, what are they.   Back in 1998, I was held up for hours outside of North Platte, Neb. while traffic was funneled into one lane because they were cutting 400 miles of holes in Interstate 80.  It got me to thinking and I investigated off and on for the next 7 years.  The breakthrough came when I made contact with an old retired buddy of mine that worked in the now defunct NRO – National Reconnaissance Office.  He was trying to be cool but told me to take a close look at the hidden parts of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC).  I did. It took several years of digging and I found out NERC has their fingers into a lot of pots that most people do not know about but when I compared their annual published budget (they are a nonprofit corporation) with budget numbers by department, I found about $300 million unaccounted for.  As I dug further, I found out they get a lot of federal funding from FERC and the Department of Homeland Security (DHA).  The missing money soon grew to over $900 million because much of it was “off the books”.   

In all this digging, I kept seeing references to Alqosh.  When I looked it up, I found it was the name of a town in northwest Iraq where it is believed that Saddam had a secret nuclear power facility.  That intelligence was proved wrong during the inspections that led up to the second Iraq war but the name kept appearing in NERC paperwork.  So I went looking again and found that it is also a derivation of an Arabic name meaning “the God of Power”.  It suddenly fell into context with the references I had been seeing.  Alqosh is not a place but the name of the project or program that had something to do with these holes that were being cut in the highway.  Now I had something to focus on. As I dug deeper, some of it by means I don’t want to admit to, I found detailed descriptions of Alqosh within NERC and its link to DoD and DHS.  Here’s what I found. 

The concrete that was poured into those holes was a special mixture that contained a high concentration of piezoelectric crystals.  These are rocks (quartz), ceramics and other materials that produce electricity when they are physically compressed.  The mix was enhanced with some custom designed ceramics that also create electricity.  The exact mixture is secret but I found out that it contains berlinite, quartz, Rochelle salt, lead zirconate titanate, polyvinylidene fluoride, sodium potassium niobate and other ingredients. The mix of quartz, polymers and ceramics is very unique and with a very specific intent in mind.  Piezoelectric materials will produce electricity when they are compressed squeezed – this is called the direct piezoelectric effect (like a phonograph needle).  But they also have exactly the opposite effect.  The lead zirconate titanate crystals and other ceramics in the mix will expand and contract in the presence of electricity – this is called the reverse piezoelectric effect.  This is how tiny piezoelectric speakers work.   

The concrete mix, in which a part, was designed to create electricity when compressed by a car passing over it.  Some of these materials react immediately and some delay their response for up to several seconds.  This creates a sort of damper wave of voltage spikes passing back and forth thru the material over a period of time. While some of this mix is creating electricity, some other parts of the specially designed ceramics were intended to flex in physical size when they sensed the electricity from the other quartz materials.  As with the quartz crystals, some of these ceramics delay their responses for up to several seconds.  Sort of like time-released capsules.  The flexing ceramics, in turn, continue the vibrations that cause the quartz to continue creating electric pulses.   

The effect is sort of like pushing a child’s swing.  The first push or vibration comes from the car passing.  That, in turn, creates electricity that makes some of the materials flex and vibrate more.  This push creates more electricity that repeats in an escalating manner until, like the swing, it is producing high waveforms of peak power spikes. The end result of this unique mix of chemicals, crystals, ceramics and polymers is what is called a piezoelectric transformer that uses the acoustic (vibration) (initiated by a car passing) coupling to step up the generated voltages by over 1,500-to-1 into a resonance frequency of about 1 megahertz.  A passing car initiates the series of high voltage electrical pulses that develop constructive resonance with subsequent pressures from passing cars so that the voltage peaks of this resonance can top out at or above 12,700 volts and then tapers off in a constant frequency, decreasing amplitude damper wave until regenerated by the next car or truck.  Multiple axle vehicles can produce powerful signals that can resonate for several minutes. 

Once all this electricity is created, the re-bar on the bottom of the hole also has a special role to play.  It contains a special spiral coil of wire hidden under the outer layer of conducting polymers.  By a careful design of the coil and insulating wires, these re-bars create a simple but highly effective “resonance tank circuit”.   The simplest form of a tank circuit is a coil of wire and a single capacitor.  The value of the inductance of the coil and the capacitance of the capacitor determines the resonance frequency of the circuit.  Every radio and every transmitter made has had a tank circuit in it of one sort or another. The coils of wire on the re-bar create an inductor and the controlled conducting material in the polymer coatings create a capacitor that is tuned to the same resonance frequency as the piezoelectric transformer making for a highly efficient harmonic oscillator that can sustain the “ring” (series resonance voltage magnification over a protracted time domain) for several minutes even with out further injection of energy.   In other words, a car passing can cause one of these concrete patches to emit a powerful high frequency signal for as much as 10 to 20 minutes, depending on the size, weight and speed of the vehicle. 

The final element of this system is the collection of that emitted RF energy.  In some areas, such as the Washington DC beltway, there is a buried cable running parallel to the highway that is tuned to receive and pass this electrical energy into special substations and junction boxes that integrate the power into the existing grid.  These special substations and junction boxes can also divert both this piezoelectric energy as well as grid power into lines that connect directly to government facilities. In other more rural areas, the power collection is by a receiver that is hiding in plain sight.  Almost all power lines have one or more heavy cables that run along the upper most portions of the poles or towers.  These top most cables are not connected to the power lines.  This line is most often used as lightning protection and is grounded into earth ground.   

Along those power lines that parallel highways that have been “fixed” with these piezoelectric generators, this line has been replaced with a specially designed cable that acts as a very efficient tuned antenna to gather the EMF and RF energy radiated by the modified highway re-bar transmitters.  This special cable is able to pick up the radiated piezoelectric energy from distances as far away as 1 mile.  In a few places, this specialized cable has been incorporated into the fence that lines both sides of most interstate highways.  Whether by buried cable, power line antenna or fence-mounted collector, the thousands of miles of these piezoelectric generators pumps their power into a nationwide gird of electric power without anyone being aware of it. The combined effect of the piezoelectric concrete mix, the re-bar lattice and the tuned resonant pickup antennas is to create a highly efficient RF energy transmitter and receiver with a power output that is directly dependent upon the vehicle traffic on the highway.  For instance, the power currently created by rush hour traffic along the Washington DC beltway is unbelievable.  It is the most effective and efficient generators in the US and creates as much as 1.6 megawatts by the inner beltway alone.   

The total amount of power being created nationwide is a secret but a report that circulated within DARPA following the 9/11 attacks said that 67 hidden government bunker facilities were brought online and fully powered in preparation to receive evacuated government personnel.  The report, which was focused on the continuity of services, mentioned that all 67 facilities, with a total demand of an estimated 345 megawatts, “used 9% of the available power of Alqosh”.  By extrapolation, that means that the Alqosh grid can create about 3,800 megawatts or about the power of two large nuclear power plants. So why is it secret?  Three reasons.  (1) The government doesn’t want the bad guys nor the American public to know that we can create power from our highways.   They don’t want the bad guys to know because they don’t want it to become a target.  They don’t want the general public to know because they frankly do not want to share any of this power with the public – even if commercial utility power rates get extraordinarily high and fossil fuel or coal pollution becomes a major problem. 

(2) Some of the materials in the concrete mix are not exactly healthy for the environment, not to mention that millions of people have had their travel plans messed up by the highway construction.  Rain run off and mixtures with hydrocarbons are known to create some pretty powerful toxins – in relatively small quantities but the effects of long term exposures are unknown. (3) Its not done yet.  The system is still growing but it is far from being complete.  A recent contract was released by NERC to install “thermal expansion” sections into the runways of the largest 24 airports in the US.  There is also a plan to expand into every railroad, metro, commuter train, subway and freight train system in the US.  A collaboration between DARPA, NERC and DHS recently produced a report that targets 2025 to complete the Alqosh grid with a total capacity of 26,000 megawatts of generating power. 

The task of balancing the high power needs of the government with a low cost while keeping it all hidden from everyone has been accomplished.  The cost has been buried in thousands of small highway and power line projects spread out over the past 10 years.  The power being created will keep all 140 of the hidden underground bunkers fully powered for weeks or months after natural disaster or terrorists have destroyed the utilities.  The power your government uses to run its lights and toasters during a serious national crisis may just be power that you created by evacuating the city where the crisis began. 

Posted in Science...."Fiction?", Did I Dream This?, Future History | No Comments »

A few of you doubt me?!!

7 March 2009 by admin.

 

I have gotten a number of comments about the science of my stories. Since I spent most of my life in hard core R&D, science is my life and the way I talk. To read my stories, you have to be willing to either accept that the science behind it is fact or go look it up yourself. You will quickly find that there is damn little, if any fiction, in my stories. I take exception to people that say the science is wrong so I’m going to self analyze one of the stories that I have gotten the most questions about.

 

In the story about the accidental weapon discovery, I described a C-130 with a multi-bladed prop - See US Patent 4171183 - . Also see http://usmilnet.com/smf/index.php?topic=9941.15 and http://www.edwards.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123089573. As I said in the story the long and telescoping blade is still classified so there are no public pictures of it.

 

The ATL (airborne tactical laser) program being run out of the ACTD program by the DUSD(AS&C), an office within OSD. The ACTD program is where the original project was started in cooperation with the Naval Research Lab (NRL). The original objective was to improve the speed and range of long distance transport by aircraft. It followed some research that showed that if the variable pitch of prop were extended outward from the hub further, then the efficiency would improve.

 

Since a prop is a lifting wing that lifts horizontally, it must maintain a constant angle of attack (AoA) over the entire length of the blade. AoA is the angle between the camber line of the wing and the axis of the flow of air over the blade. Since the relative speed of the prop changes as a function of distance from the hub, the blade must twist or pitch more as you move further out the blade. This was the essential secret that the Wright Brothers discovered in 1902 and is the basic difference between a screw propeller and a wing propeller.

What was discovered in the development of vertical wind turbines is that blades as long as 50 feet but as thin as 5 inches could be made to be more efficient and with higher torque than conventional blades. In wind power, the added torque allows you to turn a larger generator but this is due to the wind passing over the blade making it spin. But in an aircraft the engines would be spinning the blade to make it take a bigger (more efficient) bite out of the air, this would mean being able to create more thrust or it might be able to operate at a higher altitude (in thinner air). Do a Google search for “Vertical Wind Turbine”. You’ll see designs like the WindSpire that is 30 feet tall with blades less than 8 inches wide that is so efficient that it produces 2000 kilowatts and can operate in 8 MPH winds and it can handle 100 MPH gusts.

 

The guys at NRL took that and reversed it into an efficient propeller design for the C-130 in the hopes that it would give a similar improved performance. The carbon-fiber telescoping blade was just a natural extension of that thinking.

 

As to the laser beam creating a wide range of frequencies, that is also easy to explain. The Doppler Effect says that an increase in wavelength is received when a source of electromagnetic radiation is moving away from the observer and a decrease in wavelength is received when a source of electromagnetic radiation is moving toward from the observer. This is the basis for the Red Shift (redshift) used by astronomers to examine the movement of starts. It is the reason that a train has a rising pitch whistle as it coming toward you and a decreasing pitch sound as it passes and goes away from you. This is basic high school physics.

 

As the laser beam was rotated, any observer in a lateral position to the aircraft would see one part of the rotating beam rotating toward them (for example, the part above the prop hub) and another part rotating away from them (in this example, the part below the prop hub). The bottom part would have a redshift to its visible light because it is moving away from the observer. The part of the prop that is moving the slowest, near the hub, would have the least redshift but as the observer looked at the light coming from the laser beam further out on the prop, the speed would increase and the redshift would be greater until the Doppler shift would be so great that the light would shift to a frequency below the visible light spectrum. This would move the light energy into the infrared area but as the light traveled faster and faster, it would shift lower and lower. Since the laser beam extended for miles and the beam was traveling at speeds from a few hundred MPH to thousands of mils per second, the red shift along the beam path constantly moved down the electromagnetic spectrum passed radar, TV, short wave radio and down into the ELF range.

 

That portion of the prop above the hub was doing the same thing but it was moving toward the observer in the lateral position and so it was giving a blue shift – toward higher frequencies. As the light frequencies compressed into the blue and ultraviolet range, it became invisible to the naked eye but it still was emitting energy at higher and higher frequencies – moving into X-rays and gamma rays at speeds toward the end of the beam.

 

The end result of this red and blue shift of the light from the laser beam is that there was a cone of electromagnetic radiation emanating from the hub of each of the two engines (on the C-130) or the one engine on the retrofitted 707. This cone radiated out from the hub with a continuously changing frequency to the electromagnetic emissions as the cone widens out behind the aircraft. The intensity of the emissions is directly proportional to the power of the laser and the speed of the props so the highest and lowest frequencies were the most intense. These also happened to be the most destructive.

 

This is just one story that is firmly based in real and actual science. You have to be the judge if it is true or not but I defy you to find any real flaw in the logic or science. As with all of my stories, I don’t talk about space cadet and tin foil hat stuff. I have 40 years of hard core R&D experience along with four degrees in math, computer modeling, physics and engineering so I’m not your usual science writer but whether it is science fiction or not is up to you to decide. Just don’t make that decision because you don’t believe or understand the science – that is the part that should not be questioned. If you doubt any of it, I encourage you to look it up. It will educate you and allow me to get these very important ideas across to people.

Posted in Science...."Fiction?", Maybe True, This IS True ! | 1 Comment »

Perpetual Motion = Unlimited Power….Sort of…

6 March 2009 by admin.

The serious pursuit of perpetual motion has always intrigued me. Of course I know the basic science of conservation of energy and the complexities of friction, resistance, drag and less than 100% mechanical advantage that dooms any pursuit of perpetual motion to failure…but still, I am fascinated at how close some attempts have come. One college professor built a four foot tall Ferris wheel and enclosed its drive mechanism in a box around the hub. He said it was not perpetual motion but that it had no inputs from any external energy source. It did, however, make a slight sound out of that box. The students were to try to figure out how the wheel was turning without any apparent outside power source. It turned without stop for more than two years and none of his students could figure out how. At the end of his third year, he introduced his mechanism. He was using a rolling marble design that was common for perpetual motion machines but that also had been proven to not work. What he added was a tiny IC powered microcircuit feeding a motor that came out of a watch. A Watch! The entire 4 foot high Ferris wheel needed only the additional torque of a watch motor to keep it running for nearly 4 years!

This got me to thinking that if I could find a way to make up that tiny little additional energy input, I could indeed make perpetual motion. Unlike most of my other ideas, this was not something that could easily be simulated in a computer model first. Most of what does not work in perpetual motion is totally unknown until you build it. I also knew that the exchange of energy to and from mechanical motion was too inefficient to ever work so I concentrated on other forms of energy exchange. Then I realized I had already solved this – back in 1963!

Back in 1963, I was a senior in high school. Since 1958, I had been active in science fairs and wanted my last one to be the best. To make a long story short, I won the national science fair that year – sponsored by Bell Telephone. My project was “How far will sound travel” and my project showed that the accepted theory that sound diminishes by one over the square of the distance (the inverse square law) is, in fact, wrong. Although that may occur in an absolutely perfect environment of a point source of emission in a perfectly spherical and perfectly homogeneous atmosphere, it never ever occurs in the real world.

I used a binary counting flashing light circuit to time sound travel and a “shotgun” microphone with a VOX to trigger a measure of speed and power of the sound under hundreds of conditions. This gave me the ability to measure to 1/1000^th of a second and down to levels that were able to distinguish between the compressions and rarefaction’s of individual sound waves. Bell was impressed and I got a free trip to the World’s Fair in 1964 and to Bell Labs in Murry Hill NJ.

As a side project of my experiments, I attempted to design a sound laser - a narrow beam of sound that would travel great distances. I did. It was a closed ten-foot long Teflon-lined tube that contained a compressed gas – I used Freon. A transducer (a flat speaker) at one end would inject a single wavelength of a high frequency sound into the tube. It would travel to the other end and back. At exactly 0.017621145 seconds, it would pulse one more cycle at exactly the same time that the first pulse reflected and returned to the transducer. This was timed to exactly coincide with the first pulse so that it was additive, making the first pulse nearly double in amplitude. Since the inside of the tube as smooth and kept at a constant temperature, the losses in one pass through the tube were almost zero. In less than 5 minutes, these reinforcing waves would build the moving pulse to the point of containing nearly all of the gas in the tube into the single wave front of one pulse. This creates all kinds of problems so I estimated that it would only be about 75% efficient but that was still a lot.

Using a specially shaped and designed series of chambers at the end opposite the transducer, I could rapidly open that end and emit the pulse in one powerful burst that would be so strong that the wave front of the sound pulse would be visible and it would remain cohesive for hundreds of feet. It was dense enough that I computed it would have just over 5 million Pascal’s (Pa) of force or about 750 PSI. The beam would widen to a square foot at about 97 meters from the tube. This is a force sufficient to knock down a brick wall.

One way to make the kind of transducer that I needed for this sound laser was to use a carefully cut crystal or ceramic disc. Using the property of reverse piezoelectric effect, the disc will uniformly expand when an electric field is applied. A lead zirconate titanate crystal would give me the right expansion while also being able to respond to the high frequency. The exit chambers were modeled after some parabolic chambers that were used in specially made microphones used for catching bird sounds. The whole thing was perfectly logical and I modeled it in a number of math equations that I worked out on my “slip stick” (slide rule).

When I got to Bell Labs, I was able to get one scientist to look at my design and he was very intrigued with it. He said he had not seen anything like it but found no reason it would not work. I was asked back the next day to see two other guys that wanted to hear more about it. It was sort of fun and a huge ego boost for me to be talking to these guys about my ideas. In the end, they encouraged me to continue thinking and that they would welcome me to work there when I was old enough.

I did keep thinking about it and eventually figured out that if I can improve the speed of response of the sensors and transducer, I could shorten the tube to inches. I also wanted more power out of it so I researched what was the gas with the greatest density. Even this was not enough power or speed, so I imagined using a liquid – water – but it turns out that water molecules are like foam rubber and after a certain point, they absorb the pulses and energy too much. The next logical phase of matter was a solid but that meant that there was nothing that could be emitted. I was stumped…for awhile.

In the late 1970’s I figured, what if I extended the piezoelectric transducer crystal to the entire length of the tube – no air – just crystal. Then place a second transducer at one end to pulse the crystal tube with a sound wave. As the wave travels the length of the crystal tube, the compression and rarefaction’s of the sound wave pulse create stress or strain on the piezoelectric crystal, making it give off electricity by the direct piezoelectric effect.   this is how a phonograph needle works as it bounces on the grooves of the record. 

Since the sound pulse will reflect off the end of the tube and bounce back, it will create this direct piezoelectric effect hundreds of times – perhaps thousands of times – before it is reduced by the transfer into heat. As with my sound laser, I designed it to pulse every single bounce to magnify the amplitude of the initial wave front but now the speed was above 15,000 feet per second so the pulses had to come every 0.0001333 seconds. That is fast and I did not know if current technology was up to the task. I also did not know what it would do to the crystal. I was involved in other work and mostly forgot about it for a long time.

In the late 1980’s, I now was working for DARPA and had access to some great lab equipment and computers. I dug out my old notes and began working on it again. This time I had the chance to actually model and create experiments in the lab. My first surprise was that these direct piezoelectric effects created voltages in the hundreds or even thousands of volts. I was able to get more than 10,000 volts from a relatively small crystal (8 inches long and 2 inches in diameter) using a hammer tap. I never thought it would create this much of a charge. If you doubt this, just take a look at the Mechanism paragraph in Wikipedia for Piezoelectricity.

When I created a simple prototype version of my sound laser using a tube of direct piezoelectric crystal, I could draw off a rapid series of pulses of more than 900 volts using a 1/16^th watt amplifier feeding the transducer. Using rectifiers and large capacitors, I was able to save this energy and charge some ni-cads, power a small transmitter and even light a bulb.

This was of great interest to my bosses and they immediately wanted to apply it to war fighting. A friend of mine and I cooked up the idea of putting these crystals into the heels of army boots so that the pressures of walking created electricity to power some low power devices on the soldier. This worked great but the wires, converter boxes, batteries, etc.,  ended up being too much to carry for the amount of power gained so it was dropped. I got into other projects and I dropped it also.

Now flash forward to about 18 months ago and my renewed interest in perpetual motion. I dug out my old notes, computer models and prototype from my DARPA days. I updated the circuitry with some newer faster IC circuits and improved the sensor and power take-off tabs. When I turned it on, I got sparks immediately. I then rebuilt the power control circuit and lowered the amplitude of the input sound into the transducer. I was now down to using only a 9-volt battery and about 30 ma’s of current drain to feed the amplifier.   I estimate it is about a 1/40th watt amplifier.  The recovered power was used to charge a NIMH battery of 45 penlights of 1.2 volts each.

Then came my epiphany – why not feed the amplifier with the charging battery! DUH!

I did and it worked. I then boosted the amplifier’s amplitude, redesigned the power take-off circuit and fed it into a battery that was banked to give me a higher power density. It worked great. I then fed the battery back into an inverter to give me AC. The whole thing is about the size of a large briefcase and weighs about 30 pounds – mostly from the batteries and transformers. I am getting about 75 watts out of the system now but I’m using a relatively small crystal. I don’t have the milling tools to make a larger properly cut crystal but my modeling says that I can get about 500 watts out of a crystal of about 3 inches in diameter by about 12 inches long.

I call my device “rock power” and when I am not using it for power in my shop or on camping trips, I leave it hooked up to a 60 watt bulb. That bulb has been burning now for almost 7 months with no signs of it diminishing. It works! Try it!!!

Posted in Science...."Fiction?", Maybe True, This IS True ! | 1 Comment »

Dark Matter’s Dark Secret

20 July 2008 by admin.

We all know how Edwin Hubble made his measures of the movement of distant objects and concluded that the universe was expanding.  This caused researchers to wonder if we would expand forever (open), re-collapse (closed) or reach some future steady state (flat).   This also implied that we must have been smaller in the past and therefore the big bang theory was supported.  What did happen and what will happen depends a lot on the average density of the universe and the exact rate of expansion. 

We are in the middle of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to quantify these values in greater detail but we now know enough now to know that the visible matter in the universe is not enough to account for what we observe.  In fact, the “missing mass problem” has been around since 1933 and follows from the application of the virial theorem to galactic movements.

 

As science and math have done many times before, we speculate on a solution and then go looking for proof that that solution exists.  So we created the “dark matter component” and its counterpart – dark energy.  Since this is entirely an imaginary creation, we have given it properties that fit current observations – which is that it is entirely invisible, even thought it makes up 96% of the universe.  It has no emissions or reflections of any electromagnetic radiation so we have no idea what it looks like.   Despite supporting this imaginary construct, cosmologists and astronomers will admit that they cannot suggest what extrapolation of any known physics could account for something that is responsible for so much mass in the universe and yet cannot be detected by any normal observation.

 

Our only inference that it is there is from observed gravitational effects on visible matter.    In other words, we have a hole in a theory that we have filled with something that cannot be seen or detected by any means.  We also have a detected gravitational anomaly in a group of formulas that predict various galactic motion.  We have neatly solved both problems by linking them to unknown and imaginary attributes of dark matter.   

Ah but math and observations, in this case, are not consistent because we do not see the same level of correlation between galactic rotation curve anomalies and the gravitational implications from galaxies that have a large visible light component.  We also do not see a uniform distribution of dark matter throughout space or even within galaxies.  The ratio of the detected gravitational anomalies attributed to dark matter does not seem to be consistent based on the quantity of stars in a galaxy.  

 

In fact, in globular clusters and galaxies such as NGC3379, there seems to be little or no dark matter at all and other galaxies have been discovered (VIRGOH121) that are almost entirely dark matter.   Another recent study showed that there are 10 to 100 times fewer small galaxies than predicted by the dark matter theory of galaxy formation.  We can’t even agree on whether there is any dark matter in our own Milky Way galaxy. 

So this imaginary solution has become a unifying concept among most astrophysicists but only if you keep allowing for a long list of inconsistencies and logical anomalies that get dismissed by saying that we don’t know what dark matter is. 

Fortunately, the flip side of cosmology is quantum physics and scientists in that field of study have not been satisfied with expressions of human ignorance and have tried to seek out a plausible answer.  Unfortunately, they have not had a lot of success when solution candidates are put under intense analysis.   Direct detection experiments such as DAMA/Nai and EGRET have mostly been discounted because they cannot be replicated (shades of Cold Fusion).  The neutrino was a candidate for awhile but has mostly been discounted because it moves too fast.  In fact, most relativistic (fast moving) particles cannot be used because they do not account for the clumps of bark matter observed.   Studies and logic have ruled out baryonic particles, electrons, protons, neutrons, neutrinos, WIMPs, and many others.

 

Up to this point, all this is historical fact and can be easily confirmed.  What we have is a typical scientific anomaly in which a lot of people really fear thinking outside the box.  The box of traditional and institutional thinking.  All of the particle solutions sought so far are simply looking at the heaviest or most massive particles known and asking if that could be dark matter. 

Despite the thinking that the dark matter itself is imaginary, why not expand the possibilities to some truly wild ideas?  What if there are black holes the size of atoms but with the gravitational pull of a pound of lead.  Would the solar wind of bright galaxies blow such small objects away from the galaxy center?  That would account for the reduced dark matter detected in high light-to-mass galaxies.  The math to show that this is possible can be applied to include or dismiss this idea very quickly and perhaps that has been done.  But there is an even better candidate.

 

Dark Matter and even Dark Energy can be account for by the presence of the Higgs Field and the Higgs Boson.   This takes the dark matter search out of the realm of finding an object or particle that exhibits unseen mass and puts it into the realm of being caused by the force of gravity itself. 

 

The Higgs field is a non-zero vacuum expectation value that permeates everyplace in the universe at all times and plays the role of giving mass to every elementary particle, including the Higgs boson itself.   If the detected gravitational anomalies are caused by changes in the source of mass itself, then a number of the problems and inconsistencies of dark matter are resolved.

 

The Higgs field can impart mass to other elementary particles and thus by extension to macro-matter that eventually create the observed massive gravitational fields around certain galaxies.  The variation of the effects of dark matter might simple be the non-homogeneous distribution of the Higgs field itself or on the particles that it acts upon.

 

Some of the components of the Higgs field, specifically the Goldstone Bosons, are infraparticles which interact with soft photons which might account for the reduced dark matter detected in high light-to-mass galaxies.  I still like the idea that the high light-to-mass galaxies have a low dark matter component because of the solar wind blowing away the particles that the Higgs field acts on or in the thinning of the Higgs field itself.

 

Since we have not yet confirmed the existence of the Higgs boson and the Higgs field, it is premature to predict what kind of repulsive force it might impart but an extension of the scalar field theory for dark energy might be imply applicable consequences for electroweak symmetry breaking in the early universe or some variation of the quintessence field theory.  What we call vacuum energy, the quintessence field, dark energy and the Higgs Field might actually be all variations of the same theme.

 

The bottom line is that we have far too many reasonable and logical opportunities to explore alternative concepts to explain the gravitational anomalies of the virial theorem to galactic movements without resorting to the distraction of creating a terra incognita label for our lack of imagination and knowledge.

Posted in Science...."Fiction?", Maybe True | No Comments »

Accidental Weapon Discovery!

20 July 2008 by admin.

A New C-130 Prop leads to an incredible weapon of awesome power! I could get put in jail or worse for revealing this but someone has to stop them before they kill a lot of people.  I have to start from the beginning to make you understand how some very complex physics is now being developed as the worst weapon man has ever conceived.  It all started with a recent discovery by the NRL that has the military scientists scrambling to explain what they have seen.  Here is the whole story: The venerable C-130 is a time tested four-engine, turbo-prop aircraft design that we have simply not been able to improve upon.  It is rugged, can land on almost anything and carries tons of weight and has very long range.  Each new model upgrade has been given a new letter and we are now up to C-130V’s.  There is, however a new prototype being tested at NRL.  The soon-to-be C-130W was to have only two high efficiency, high torque, high-bypass turbo-prop engines using a new synchronized two bladed 21 foot long prop blade using a new fluid version of a variable ratio transmission (FVRT).  This two engine, two bladed prop would seem to be a throwback in design since one of the previous NRL C-130 prototypes used a ten bladed prop but this new blade is very special and in combination with the FVRT, was expected to be a better design The prop blade is very thin and light weight- only about 4 inches at its widest point - and spins at an incredible 45,000 RPM because the high torque engines are able to achieve incredible gear ratios with the FVRT.  The blade telescopes outward from the hub after takeoff to reach its full 21 feet without banging into the ground.  The inside of the blade has a cable that is controlled within the hub.  There is a thin carbon-fiber cable running down the center of the blade to hold it to the hub and to allow it to be extended and still flex as the speed increases.  At the tips and along the blade of the props are tiny electric circuits that send back data about speed, air, temperatures, humidity, air density, and other data that lets the computers tweak the blade shape and engine speeds.  The reason that all this is important will become clear shortly. The light weight, shape and design makes for a blade that can withstand the very high speeds and still function.  In fact, it is the blade that actually sets the peak speed of the prop, not the engine.  The mix of torque, FVRT and air density causes the blade to spin up to a maximum speed and then hold a constant speed for a given set of conditions.  As the air thins at high altitude, the prop spins faster but eventually it is suppose to reach a maximum speed - or so they thought - let me explain. 

As with most props, it does not move the aircraft by pushing air out the back like a jet but by pulling it forward using the forward horizontal “lift’ of the prop blade.  At slow speeds, the shorter blade twists to give a greater angle of attack to bite into more air but at its fully extended length and highest speeds, something different happens. At full speed, the fully extended tips of the blades are moving at 19 miles per second - that is more than 67,000 miles per hour or about 1.1% the speed of light.  It has long since passed Mach 1, in fact it is moving at 61 mach!  In actuality, Mach is meaningless at these speeds because if the plane is not moving very fast, the blade spins in a near vacuum.  The air does not have enough time to close in on the space where the blade was before the other blade spins into the same space.  In fact, the maximum blade speed was initially thought to be while it was on the ground and creating this near vacuum in which there was very little air density so the blade spun faster.  Then as it began to move faster after takeoff, the speed of the rotation actually slowed and then speeded up again. Once it is moving, the blade actually works better and better as the speed of the aircraft increases and so far they have not found a limit on how fast it will go.  They have taken a test C-130 up to just under Mach 1 but were afraid that its wings and large tail could not structurally withstand the turbulence of a trans-sonic flight.  Newer carbon-fiber swept wings are being developed and a new nose and tail The new engines, blade and transmission are really interesting but that is not the cause of all of the buzz.  What is causing a stir is the unusual speed the prop has attained in full speed flight.  The blade started going much faster than anyone had predicted.  In fact, in a test in 2002, as its speed passed 67,000 RPM, it was shut down manually by the pilot for fear of flying apart.  They have spent nearly two years trying to figure out why it is doing this. 

High speed rotation was the intent of the design all along so the bearings, shaft and hub strength and mounting are all very robust and were found to be safe up to 100,000 RPM in test-bed tests.  Simulated testing based on materials strength indicates that it should be safe up to 150,000 RPM but the entire airframe has not been tested to that level of vibration or speed. Recently, a special test bed flight platform was fixed to the nose of an old KC-135 (Boeing 707 jet airframe).  A specially designed blade was built with extra strength and mounted on a new engine with a FVRT.  The blade was made so it telescoped down in size until it was extended to its full length in flight.  This allowed the KC-135 to take off.   It also allowed for the testing of props longer than 21 feet. Once at an altitude of 55,000 ft - normally too high for most prop planes, the new prop and engine were started and gradually run up to maximum.  It passed 50,000 RPM within  a few minutes and continued to climb in speed for more than an hour.  The KC-135 increased in speed with the assist of the prop until the pilot shut off his four jet engines and let the aircraft be driven only by the one prop in the front.  The speed dropped initially but eventually was back to its former speed and accelerating - passing 500 knots within another hour.  High speed cameras were aimed at the prop from several angles on the KC-135’s wing and blade tip data was being recorded.  After flying more than 4 hours at over 500 knots and a steady increase in prop speeds, the pilot brought all the jet engines back online and spun down the prop and retracted it for landing. Upon examination of the cameras and blade tip data, they think they have discovered the reason for the over speed prop.  The end of the prop was slowly changing shape in a totally unexpected way.  More specifically, it appears to be bending and flowing backward as if it was trailing a ribbon behind the blade tip.  As the speed increases, the blade appears to get shorter and shorter while the part that trails behind gets longer and longer - as if it were bending backward. 

This visual evidence is counter to everything known of metal in the presence of this much centrifugal force.  The spinning blade should have such a huge force pulling outward due to the very high centrifugal forces, that nothing should be bending - especially at right angles to the prop and parallel to the line of flight.  Finally an explanation was found: The tip of the prop is traveling at over 1% of the speed of light and that gives it a different temporal (time) relationship to the rest of the aircraft.  Time slows down as you approach the speed of light so the top of the prop is actually in an earlier time than the rest of the aircraft.  Even at 1% of the speed of light, there is a measurable and visual difference.  I have not done the math but the Lorentz-Einstein math says that relativistic time stops at the speed of light so if we assume that we get 1% time-space distortion at 1% the speed of light, we can see and calculate the prop distortions. At 500 MPH, our analysis shows that the tips of the prop are moving at around 100,460 MPH in a circle and also moving forward at 733 feet per second.  If the very tip is actually not in the same time as the rest of the prop, and time is distorted by 1%, then it will appear to be about 7 feet (88 inches) behind (slower than) the rest of the prop.  In other words, what their high speed cameras showed was a prop that curved backward so that the very tip was stretched and bent back by 88 inches.  As the speed of the prop and the speed of the aircraft increased, the length of the curvature and the amount of the prop blade involved increased. What it was seeing is the same prop but as it appears slightly in the past and therefore slightly behind where the prop is now.  As more and more of the prop reached higher and higher speeds, it appears to be further and further behind giving the false impression that it is bending.  It isn’t actually bending, we are just seeing it where it was in a recent past time. 

But that is not all.  The extensive instrumentation of the test prop showed that it actually got easier to spin it as it went faster.  The outward centrifugal forces should make it appear that the prop is getting heavier but the instruments are showing that the prop is actually getting lighter in weight as it spins faster.  That is contrary to what was expected since the centrifugal forces should have increased its apparent weight but measurements don’t reflect that.  An extensive study has revealed why.   Relative to the measurements taken in the present time - relative to the aircraft - there is a portion of the prop blade that is effectively missing because it is spinning in a different time!  The tip is effectively not there NOW because it has moved into an earlier time.  Since it is effectively missing as far as the measurements of present time torque, air resistance, friction, momentum, inertia and centrifugal forces, the engine can spin the remaining part of the prop blade easier.  But, as the engine sees less load, it can spin faster for the same amount of fuel and as it goes faster, more of the blade moves into the past.  Essentially, as the prop speeds up, more and more of the prop is moving into an earlier and earlier time - so the prop continues to go faster and faster. But now it gets really weird.  Since the Lorentz-Einstein math says that relativistic space-time effects are a constant and applies to everything, the guys at NRL hooked up a laser to the hub so that it pointed directly at a very tiny reflector attached at the very end of the prop.  The idea was to use this laser to measure the length distortions of the prop as a result of the centrifugal forces and to a lesser extent to measure the flex distortions.  Because of the dual carbon fiber cables inside the blade and the carbon fiber blade shell, it was not expected to show much distortion - and it didn’t…or rather not in the way they thought it would. Despite the visual distortion of the shape of the blade as shown in the high speed cameras and explained above, the laser showed that the blade was still straight with no bend or distortion.  This confirmed the idea that it was not actually changing shape but was changing time.  In a few frames of the camera shots, higher humidity made the beam visible and it showed that the laser beam bent in exactly the same way that the metal prop did.  The laser beam curved backward and remained exactly parallel along the apparently bent prop blade.  

Quite by accident, one of the reflectors broke off and the laser beam extended passed the end of the prop - out into the air but the cameras showed that it continued to bend until it disappeared completely.  At the time, this was seen as a curiosity so a much more powerful laser was installed and the cameras were re-pointed and the experiment repeated.  This time the clearly visible beam curved back until they were parallel to the flight path and then at about 4200 feet out, it just disappeared.  At that point, it was so far in the past that it effectively was not of this time and could not be photographed. Observable evidence was limited at this point so some of the findings were a function of calculations.  The laser light was increased in power to try to create a more visible beam.  Theoretically, this beam extended well beyond the prop by miles - when stopped, it was measured to be still strong and visible as much as 30 miles from the aircraft.  At the speed of rotation of 50,000 RPM, the laser light at 30 miles was moving at 84.45% of the speed of light meaning that the light beam was experiencing an 84% distortion of the space-time continuum - making the beam change a number of its propagation properties. The accepted theory of science is that light is made up of both waves (like the frequency of the colors of the spectrum) and particles  (photons which have no mass - or so we thought).  The laser light was a single frequency light from a tunable distributed feedback fiber laser having both thermal and piezoelectric control elements giving a single frequency, wavelength and intensity.  Using such a beam of uniform, intensity, high spatial purity and high conversion efficiency, we were able to use the light as a benchmark measure for precise spectrual analysis.  What we expected was minor nano-level changes but what happened was beyond anyting we had imagined. The time distortion created a cone shaped vortex that extended back from the plane in both space and time - effectively blanketing the entire countryside with a virtually continuous flood of coverage from the beam.  The Doppler shift effect on the frequency of the laser light from of the rotating beam altered the signal over the full range of rotation speeds from the hub to the outter most limits of the beam - dispersing a beam of mixed frequencies that went from its broadcast light frequency up to frequencies of cosmic particle frequencies.  The trailing edge of the blade was also emitting the light beam signal but the Doppler effect caused the shift to go down in frequency from its broadcast light frequency down thru all radio frequencies down to ripples in induced direct current.  Essentially this cone shaped beam was making a powerful sonic boom kind of coverage but instead of sound, the landscape was bathed in electro-magnetic frequency (EMF) spectrum radio waves and light of virtually every frequency spectrum from DC to light frequencies and beyond.   

It was quite by accident that we discovered that some of the emissions were in the X-ray and gamma ray range (measured using Compton scattering) and that the ionizing frequencies were having an affect on almost everything.  Upon exploring this further, we could not measure the shortest and longest wavelenght with the equipment we had.  After some calculations, we estimated that we were creating frequencies in the vicinity of the Planck length.  In other words, we were artificially creating the light radiation frequencies that normally exist within and between atomic particles.  We could measure down to around 10 picometers but it was obvious that there was something else there.  The energy needed for these intense particles would normally be in the range of 100 keV but we were seeing them being created by this cone of EMF without the benefit of a massive accelerator. The effects of the pass-over of all of these frequencies was startling.  Since there are harmonic frequencies for virtually everything in existence and this plane was putting out every known frequency from DC to gamma rays and beyond, the destructive harmonic frequency of thousands, perhaps millions of objects was reached.  In addition, the super high frequency of the high end, leading edge (compressed) wave front was bombarding everything with intense high energy ionizing EMF radiation that has only rarely been seen in events like electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay - on the order of 10-20 Sv (Sieverts)!  After the fly over (mostly in the Nevada desert north of Las Vegas), the ground under the flight path was found to not contain any hard rocks or crystals.  Only sandstone and sedimentary rocks.  Anything that was hard or crystalline was shattered into smaller pieces - dust that was finer than sand - more like talcum powder.  Compounds were broken into their component atomic parts and atomic bonding was being destroyed within molecules.  Anything that could flex, bend or absorb the intense vibrations was mostly unaffected but even most of the plants were wilted and limp.  Those items that were hard, broke apart.  The weak signal, large area dispersal and the very short duration of exposure is the only thing that kept everything from sand to mountains from crumbling.   Several military ground vehicles were in the area and were totally immobilized.  The steel in their vehicles was instantly weakened to the point of falling apart.  “It had the consistency and strength of a Ritz cracker” - said one of the workers.  Even the man’s diamond ring turned to fine shiny dust.  The men were seriously injured by what appeared like massive bleeding but they are keeping all that very secret.  We, in the electronics room, suspect they were reacting to the massive dose of radiation in the X-ray and gamma rate region.  I don’t even want to think about what happened to their teeth and bones.   Now NRL is discussing how to control the beam and its effects but are struggling with the relativistic effects of the time-space distortions and the control of the laser beam. I hope you will take this seriously.  I could get in a lot of trouble for posting this.  If you doubt any of this, check it out.  Do the math.  Read the Lorentz-Einstein math or Doppler and the aerodynamics of prop blades.  The FVRT is not commercially available yet but will be soon.  The two bladed prop is still hush hush but can be found in dozens of aerodynamics books.  What is dangerous is that this plane, using this beam and prop as a weapon could be made to increase the beam power and destroy everything  under it and either side of it for miles - rocks, glass, buildings, people - turning everything into a fine powdery dust or an oozing mass of jelly. We have enough weapons and this is one that kills and destroys everything.  I can only hope tht by letting people know what is happening, we can stop more deaths.

Posted in Science...."Fiction?" | 2 Comments »

How to Travel at the Speed of Light…or Faster.

18 July 2008 by admin.

I wrote this for a dissertation for a Theoretical Physics seminar last year (Boston). It was peer reviewed but not printed or accepted for the seminar because my credentials were not sufficient to meet the standards of the seminar. I did, however, get a positive commentary from Julius Wess who was given an expanded copy of this article because of his interest in supersymmetry and his work at DESY.

Nov 16, 2004

Super String Theory Update

In articles that have appeared in various publications within the past few months (Jan to June 2004), the Super String Theory has been studied to a much greater level of detail. The Super String Theory is an extension of the Standard Model and is also known as the Supersymmetry Standard Model (SSM). The SSM which is generally accepted as the most accurate to date; however, fails to explain mass fully and it is the one possible theory that can provide the joining of both quantum mechanics and Newtonian physics for a Unified Field Theory - a single model of all matter and energy in the universe.

 

One aspect of the SSM is that it predicts that there is a pervasive cloud of particles everywhere in space. A hundred years ago, this might have been called the “ether” but we now refer to this as the Higgs Field and the particles in this field are called Higgs Bosons.

 

This cloud of very small particles (Higgs Bosons) creates a field (the Higgs Field) that interacts with matter to create mass and gravity. The existence of this field is predicted by the Lagrangian function of the Standard Model and provides a description of the Higgs field as a quantum field. The Higgs field permeates all reality and the interaction between this field and other matter (electrons, other bosons, etc.) is what creates the effect we call mass. A dense solid interacts with this field more than a less dense solid creating all of the physical characteristics we attribute to mass - weight, momentum, inertia, etc.

 

The existence of the Higgs Field and the Higgs Boson was nearly proven in 2000 but the CERN synchrotron isn’t quite strong enough. Newer designs that are being built now should prove this concept within the next 3 to 5 years. To date, every physical prediction that we can achieve of the SSM and the implications of the Higgs field have been shown to be true. Let us speculate for a moment on the possibilities.

 

The Higgs field’s interaction with matter is what gives us the physical characteristics we attribute to mass - weight, momentum, inertia, etc. Imagine a jet aircraft flying in the air. As we move it faster, the air resists so that it takes a lot of energy to move a large (or heavy) object. If we go too fast, friction will heat up the surface of the wings as it does with re-entry vehicles from space. With jet aircraft, there is a sound barrier that builds up air in front of the aircraft and resists further increases in speed. The energy to move faster increases significantly as you get closer to the sound barrier and then when you exceed it, the energy to fly faster drops back down.

 

When you remove the air - such as in space - now you need very little energy from the engine to move very large objects or to go very fast. The resistance of the air and gravity is gone and the smallest push or thrust will make even a very large object move or go faster.

This is all fact. Now lets speculate for a moment….

 

What if Michelson and Morley’s 1879 experiment to find the “ether” medium that light traveled on was right but on such a different scale that they failed to detect what they were looking for. After all, we still are not certain exactly what the Higgs field is but what if that is their ether. It would certainly explain the dual personality of light – acting like both waves and particles. It might also help explain dark matter and dark energy in the universe – but I digress. Let’s speculate for a moment and imagine that the Higgs field does exist (not that big a stretch of the imagination) and that it is the media that keeps light from going any faster than….the speed of light.

 

Now suppose you didn’t have a Higgs field or could turn it off? If the Higgs field is not there at all, there is no mass, no momentum, no inertia and no weight. If an object has no mass or very little then even a small amount of thrust will push it very fast. Using an ion engine that has a low but very fast thrust, you should be able to push a massless object rapidly to the speed of light and perhaps beyond.

 

Think about it. Other than the E=MC2 formula and the math that was derived by observations in a Higgs Field universe, why is there an upper limit on speed? Why can’t we go faster than light IF the mass is low and the thrust is fast enough? Suppose like some many things in physics, the limits we have put on our thinking about possibilities is because of the limits we have put on our thinking. In other words, if relativity is flawed or misunderstood with respect to the its framing of the conditions of the math, then perhaps in a different frame of reference, the math is wrong and it does not take infinite energy to push an object to the speed of light.

 

Now back to facts. A careful read of special relativity will reveal that Einstein said, “the speed of light is constant when measured in any inertial frame”. If, as has been speculated, the Higgs field is responsible for the physical characteristics we attribute to mass - weight, momentum, inertia, etc., and it was possible to somehow remove the Higgs field, and therefore remove the inertial frame, then even the special theory of relativity says that light speed is no longer a constant.

 

Does it make any sense to even consider this perspective in light of all of the proven experiments and math that have proven General and Special relativity over and over again? The answer is yes if you consider one thing. If the Higgs field permeates all reality and the interaction between this field and other matter (electrons, other bosons, etc.) is what creates the effect we call mass, then how could we imagine that there is any other frame of reference. At the time of Einstein, the Higgs field was unknown so the absence of the Higgs filed could not even be speculated. Now it can be. Or we can imagine frames of reference that might allow objects to alter, interact with or somehow by-pass the effects of the Higgs field. For instance…..

 

We have speculated that there are particles called tachyons that have a LOWER limit of the speed of light but that are based on the assumptions that they have no mass. If a space ship could be made to have no mass, what would it’s speed limit be?

 

If the Higgs field is now acting like air and creating a barrier that appears to us to be the limiting factor in the speed of light, then perhaps faster than light travel is possible in the absence of a Higgs field.

 

How do we get the Higgs field to go away? I don’t know but in 25 or 50 or 75 years, we might know. One hint of a possibility is a startling new find called two-dimensional light. Its called plasmons and it can be triggered when light strikes a patterned metallic surface. In March 2006, the American Physical Society gave demonstrations of plasmons and plasmonic science. They demonstated, for instance, a plasmon microscope that was capable of imaging at scales lower (smaller than) the wavelength of the light they were using to view the object. This is like seeing a marble by firing beach balls at it.

 

Using a combination of metamaterials, nano-optics, microwaves and plasmonics, David Schurig and David R. Smith at Duke University and his British colleagues (in October 2006) created something that can cause microwaves to move along and around a surface. The effect is exactly like a Klingon cloaking device from Star Trek or like Harry Potter’s Cloak of Invisibility. This is not speculation, they have done it. Similar work by the Imperial College in London and SensorMetrix of San Diego are developing metamaterials capable of rerouting visible light, acoustic waves and other electromagnetic waves.

 

This is technology today. What will we be able to do in 50 years? Might we be able to sort of pry open a hole in the Higgs field by bending or rerouting the field around an object. You might call this a warped Higgs field or simply a warp field.

 

If we can warp the Higgs field in a controlled manner, then the temporal implications are another matter but travel at or faster than the speed of light might be possible.

 

OK, so how do you warp the Higgs field?

 

(Of course, we are way out in the realm of speculation but isn’t this they way that crazy things like black holes and super novas were first imagined? If our minds can fathom the remotest possibility now, then perhaps when the containment technology and power densities (energies) above the Fermi scale catches up with our imaginations, we can see if works.)

 

One aspect of the Supersymmetry Standard Model (SSM) is that the strings all vibrate. In fact, every particle and field has a vibration frequency. It is one characteristic attributed to the ‘spin” of a particle. With sufficient energy, it may be possible to create harmonic vibrations to these particles. One aspect of the cloaking device mentioned above is that they use destructive interference to null out the electromagnetic fields of one path and replace it with emissions from another path. This allows them to hide an object while substituting other sensor data that simulates the object not being there at all. The essence is that by controlling the vibrations or frequency on the nano-meter scale, they can manipulate light. Is it possible to extend this thinking to the Higgs field? If so, we might be able to manipulate the Higgs field on, in and around a surface.

It is hard to imagine that something like Bernoulli’s Principle of fluid flow would work on the scale of the Higgs field’s interaction with a surface moving at high speed but it serves as a possible analogy of an area of exploration. Actually, this is not at all that unreasonable.

 

I have flown in some big military planes. The C-130 has an overhead escape hatch near the flight deck. When we flew in the South Pacific, on a hot day, we would open this hatch and stick our heads out. There is something called laminar air-flow around the aircraft. As the plane moves thru the air at 250 MPH, the air going past it is moving at about that speed (assuming no wind), however, in the last 6 to 8 inches as you move closer to the surface of the plane, the wind slows down (relative to the aircraft) due to friction with the surface. This speed drops rapidly in the last 3 or 4 inches so that the wind passing over the fuselage within the last 2 inches is moving relatively slowly – about 30 to 60 MPH. You can stick you head up enough to get your eyes above the edge of the hatch and it won’t even blow your sunglasses off. I’ve done it.

 

What if the Higgs field could be warped by sub-nano-level wave manipulations or react in a manner similar to the laminar air-flow around an aircraft but do it on a space ship? What if we helped it a little by moving that field out away from the ship’s surface just a little? Here’s how.

 

As with recent studies in the use of standing waves to isolate and manipulate objects, it may be possible to seek and find a harmonic frequency that will create compressions and rarefactions in these particle vibrations or fields. If the surface of a vehicle were the emitter and it was properly synchronized, the rarefaction of the standing wave of the harmonic vibrations would create a layer of empty space (rarefactions) around the vehicle totally devoid of Higgs bosons and therefore have no Higgs field, i.e. a warp field.

 

To understand the impact of reducing or eliminating the Higgs field, let’s look at an example.

 

Since light is made up of photons and photons in motion have mass (they have no known rest mass), and since photons travel at the speed of light, turning on a flashlight in the absence of a surrounding Higgs field would instantly move the flashlight to the speed of light. The reason is that the photons coming out of the light beam have mass and are moving at the speed of light. This is mass moving all in one direction. The equal and opposite reaction is for the flashlight to move in the direction opposite from the way that the light beam is pointing. Normally the very tiny mass of the photons would have very little effect on the relatively heavy flashlight but if the flashlight had no mass at all, it would be like putting a rocket engine on a feather. The photons would seem to have the effect of a powerful blasting rocket engine making the mass-less flashlight accelerate to speeds nearly equal to the photons moving in the opposite direction.

 

Since our imaginary vehicle with the vibrating surface also has no mass at all in the absence of a surrounding Higgs field, it could be any size and the same flashlight could also move it to the speed of light.

But what about the people?

 

Now you ask how could you possibly withstand the acceleration from zero to the speed of light within a second or less. That is easy if you have no mass also. Momentum, inertia and even gravity depend on an object having mass. If you have no mass, you cannot have inertia or momentum.

 

Imagine for a moment throwing a heavy ball. When you let go of the ball it continues in the direction it is thrown. Now imagine throwing a feather. Actually it is quite hard to throw a feather because the moment you let go of it, it will stop moving forward and drift slowly downward. It has so little mass that any inertia or momentum it has would be quickly overcome by air resistance – regardless of speed.

 

If you were in a giant space craft but had a device that could create the absence of a surrounding Higgs field, you would have no mass. No momentum and no inertia and no reaction to gravity. A 90 degree turn at 1,000 mph (or any speed) would not be a problem because you cannot experience the “g” forces that an object with mass would experience. Hence, it is possible to make these radical turns and fantastic accelerations without killing everyone.

 

If, as we have speculated, it is the Higgs field particles (bosons), like air particles, that are artificially creating what we see as being the barrier to going faster than the speed of light, then when we shine that flashlight and the photons come out, they will travel faster than the speed of light until they enter the Higgs field and then they will slow back down to the speed of light. Since we are using the light (photon) thrust in the absence of a surrounding Higgs field, the flashlight might also accelerate the imaginary vehicle with the vibrating surface that has no mass to speeds faster than the speed of light.

 

Alternatively, imagine a warp field creating a massless vehicle that is powered by the graviton-beam engine described earlier in this report. If you can control this warp field, you can create any degree of mass you like. So you tune it to have the mass of a feather and then tune the graviton-beam to have the attractive or repulsive force of a planet-size object or perhaps the force of a black hole. Now you have as much power as can be obtained and controlled trying to move an object at speeds greater than the speed of light.

The September 2002 Jupiter event allowed Ed Fomalont of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Charlottesville, Virginia to prove that gravity’s propagation speed is no greater than lightspeed. This is because gravity, so one theory says, interacts with the Higgs field as a direct result of the Equivalence Principle in the context of Lorentz symmetry, and so it can be said that the nature of the gravity field can be attributed to the Higgs-Goldstone field. This has been postulated from several math and experimental directions and is generally accepted as fact.

The idea is that the Higgs-Goldstone boson may account for gravity and mass is what makes the use of some kind of warp field a possible solution for faster-than-light travel. Note that this approach does not rely on the deformation of space-time, worm-holes, multi-dimensional space or even violations of the equations of general relativity. Remembering that Einstein’s math was based on an inertial frame and this proposition removes that frame of reference.

General relativity (GR) explains these features by suggesting that gravitation forces (unlike electromagnetic forces) is a geometric effect of curved space-time, in which the effects of the space-time distortion is what propagates at light speeds. Problems with the causality principle also exist for Gravitational Radiation (GR) in this connection, such as explaining how the external fields between binary black holes manage to continually update without benefit of communication with the masses hidden behind event horizons. These causality problems would be solved without any change to the mathematical formalism of GR, but only to its interpretation, if gravity is once again taken to be a propagating force of nature in flat space-time with the propagation speed indicated by observational evidence and experiments. Such a change of perspective requires no change in the assumed character of gravitational radiation or its lightspeed propagation.

Although faster-than-light force propagation speeds do violate Einstein special relativity (SR), they are in accord with Lorentzian relativity, which has never been experimentally distinguished from SR-at least, not in favor of SR. Indeed, far from upsetting much of current physics, the main changes induced by this perspective are beneficial to areas where physics has been struggling, such as explaining experimental evidence for non-locality in quantum physics, the dark matter issue in cosmology, and the possible unification of forces. Recognition of a light-speed Higgs field propagation of gravity, as indicated by recent experimental evidence, may be the key to taking conventional physics to the next plateau.

Although certainly in the realm of wild speculation, it is still not beyond imagination nor in conflict with proven science that the graviton beam engine described in another article in combination with a massless vehicle wrapped in a warpped Higgs field could achieve speeds well in excess of light.

 

As crazy as this sounds, this is completely consistent with our present knowledge of physics. No, it is not proven but it is not disproven and even in its speculative form, it can be seen as compliant with existing math and theories.

 

The missing element is a sufficient energy source to manipulate Higgs bosons and a control mechanism to create the harmonic vibrating surfaces. It is easy to imagine that in 50 or 100 years we will have the means to do this.

 

It is also easy to imagine that a civilization on a distant planet that began its life a few million years before we did, could easily have resolved these problems and created devices that can be used in interplanetary travel.

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Intergalactic Space Travel

18 July 2008 by admin.

Sometimes is it fun to reverse-engineer something based on an observation or description.  This can be quite effective at times because it not only offers a degree of validation or contradiction of the observation, it also can force us to brainstorm and think outside the box.

As a reasonably intelligent person, I am well aware of the perspective of the real scientific community with regard to UFO’s.  I completely discount 99.95% of the wing-nuts and ring-dings that espouse the latest abduction, crop circle or cattle mutilation theories.  On the other hand, I also believe Drake’s formulas about life on other worlds and I can imagine that what we find impossible, unknown or un-doable may not be for a civilization that got started 2 million years before us – or maybe just 2 thousand years before us.  Such speculation is not the foolish babbling of a space cadet but rather the reasoned thinking outside the box – keeping an open mind to all possibilities.

In that vein as well as a touch of tongue in cheek, I looked for some topic to try my theory of reverse-engineering on that would test its limits.  With all the I hype about the 50^th anniversary of Roswell and the whole UFO fad in the news, I decided to try this reverse-engineer approach on UFOs and the little green (gray) men that are suppose to inhabit them. 

As with most of my research, I used Plato to help me out.  If you don’t know what Plato is, then go read my article on it, titled, Plato – My Information Research Tool.

Here goes:

 

What is the source of their Spacecraft Power? 

Assumptions: 

 Again, with the help of Plato, I did research of witnesses from all over the world. It is important to get them from different cultures to validate the reports.  When the same data comes from cross‑cultural boundaries, the confidence level goes up. Unfortunately, the number of contactees includes a lot of space cadets and dingalings that compound the validation problem.  I had to run some serious research to get at a reliable database of witnesses.  I found that the most consistent and reliable reports seem to increase as the size of their credit rating, home price and/or tax returns went up. When cross‑indexed with a scale of validity based on professions and activities after their reports, my regression analysis came up with a projected 93% reliability factor for a selected group of 94 witnesses.

 What descriptions are common are these: 

 The craft makes little or no noise.  It emits a light or lights that sometimes change colors.  There is no large blast of air or rocket fuel ejected.  Up close, witnesses have reported being burned as if sunburned.  The craft is able to move very slow or very fast and can turn very fast.  The craft is apparently unaffected by air or lack of it. 

 We can also deduce that: the craft crossed space from another solar system; they may not have come from the closest star; their craft probably is not equipped for multi‑

generational flight; there may be more than one species visiting us.

 What conclusions can be draw from these observations: 

 If you exclude a force in nature that we have no knowledge of then the only logical conclusion you can come to is that the craft use gravity for propulsion.  Feinberg, Feynmann, Heinz, Pagels, Fritzsche, Weinberg, Salam and lately Stephen Hawking have all studied, described or supported the existence of the gauge boson with a spin of two called a graviton.  Even though the Standard Model, supersymmetry and other theories are arguing over issues of spin, symmetry, color and confinement, most agree that the graviton exists.

 That gravity is accepted as a force made up of the exchange of fundamental particles is a matter of record.  The Weinberg‑Salam theory of particle exchange at the boson level has passed every unambiguous test to which it has been submitted.  In 1979, they got the Nobel Prize for physics for their model.

 Repulsive Gravity:

 We know that mass and energy are really the same and that there are four fundamental interactions and that the interactions take place by particle exchange.  Gravity is one of these four interactions.  IF we can produce a graviton, we can control it and perhaps alter it.  Altering it in the same way we can produce a POSITRON using the interaction of photons of energy greater than 1.022MeV with matter.  This is antimatter similar to an electron but with a positive charge.  As early as 1932, positrons were observed. 

It seems logical that we can do the same with gravitons.  It is, after all, gravity that is the only force that has not had an observed repulsive force and yet it doesn’t appear to be so very different than the other three fundamental interactions.

 Einstein and Hawking have pointed out that gravity can have a repulsive force as well as an attractive force.  In his work with black holes, Hawking showed that quantum fluctuations in an empty de Sitter space could create a virtual universe with negative gravitational energy.  By means of the quantum tunnel effect, it can cross over into the real universe. Obviously, this is all math theory but parts of it are supported by observed evidence.  The tunneling effect is explained by quantum mechanics and the Schrodinger wave equations and is applied in current technology related to thin layers of semiconductors.  The de Sitter‑Einstein theory is the basis of the big bang theory and current views of space‑time.

The bottom line is that if we have enough energy to manipulate gravitons, it appears that we can create both attractive and repulsive gravitons.  Ah, but how much power is needed?

 Recipe to Make Gravity

 We actually already know how to make gravitons.  Several scientists have described it.  It would take a particle accelerator capable of about 10 TeV (10 trillion electron volts) and an acceleration chamber about 100 Km long filled with superconducting magnets.

 The best we can do now is with the CERN and the FERMI synchrotrons.  In 1989 they reached 1.8 TeV at the FERMI LAB.  The Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) that was under construction in Ellis County, Texas would have given us 40 TeV but our wonderful “education president”, the first Mr. Bush, killed the project in August 1992.  With the SSC, we could have created, manipulated and perhaps altered a graviton.

 We Need A Bigger Oven

 The reason we are having such a hard time doing this is that we don’t know how else to create the particle accelerators than with these big SSC kind of projects.  Actually, that’s not true.  What is true is that we don’t know how to create the particle accelerators except with these big SSC kind of projects, SAFELY.  A nice nuclear explosion would do it easily but we might have a hard time hiring some lab technicians to observe the reaction.

 What do you think we will have in 50 or 100 or 500 years. Isn’t it reasonable to assume that we will have better, cheaper, faster, more powerful and smaller ways of creating high-energy sources? Isn’t it reasonable to assume that a civilization that may be 25,000 years ahead of us has already done that.  If they have, then it would be an easy task to create gravitons out of other energy or matter and concentrate, direct and control the force to move a craft.

 Silent Operation

 Now let’s go back to the observations.  The movement is silent.  That Fits ‑ gravity is not a propulsive force based on thrust of a propellant.  I imagine the gravity engine to be more like a gimbaled searchlight.  The beam being the attractive or repulsive graviton beam with a shield or lens to direct it in the direction they want to move.

 Sunburns from the UFOs

 How about the skin burns on close witnesses ‑ as if by sunburn? OK lets assume the burn was exactly like sunburn ‑ i.e.   caused by ultraviolet light (UVL).  UVL is generated by transitions in atoms in which an electron in a high‑energy state returns to a less energetic state by emitting an energy burst in the form of UVL.  Now we have to get technical again.  We also have to step into the realm of speculation since we obviously have not made a gravity engine yet.  But here are some interesting subjects that have a remarkable degree of coincidence with the need for high-energy control necessary for the particle accelerator and the observed sunburn effects.

 The BCS theory (Bardeen, Cooper & Schrieffer) states that in superconductivity, the “quantum‑mechanical zero‑point motion” of the positive ions allows the electrons to lower their energy state.  The release of energy is not absorbed as heat, implying it is not in the infrared range.  Recently, the so‑called high temperature ceramic and organic superconducting compounds are also based on electron energy state flow.  Suppose a by‑product of using the superconductors in their graviton particle accelerator is the creation of UVL?

 Perhaps the gimbaled graviton beam engine is very much like a light beam.  A MASER is a LASER that emits microwave energy in a coherent and single wavelength and phase.  Such coherency may be necessary to direct the graviton beam much like directing the steering jets on the space shuttle for precision docking maneuvers. 

A maser’s energy is made by raising electrons to a high-energy state and then letting them jump back to the ground state.  Sound familiar.  The amount of energy is the only difference between the microwave energy and the UVL process.  In fact, microwaves are just barely above the UVL in the electromagnetic spectrum. Suppose the process is less than perfect or that it has a fringe area effect that produces UVL at the outer edges of the energy field used to create the graviton beam.  Since the Grays would consider it exhaust, they would not necessarily shield it or even worry about it.

 But it has got to GO FAST! 

 Finally, we must discuss the speed.  The nearest star is Proxima Centauri at about 1.3 parsecs (about 4.3 light years).  The nearest globular cluster is Omega Centauri at about 20,000 light years and the nearest galaxy is Andromeda at about 2.2 million light years.  Even at the speed of light, these distances are out of reach to a commuter crowd of explorers.  But just as the theory of relativity shows us that matter and energy are the same thing, it shows that space and time are one and the same.  If space and time are related, so is speed.   This is another area that can get real technical and the best recent reference is Hawking’s A Brief History of Time.  In it he explains that it may be possible to travel from point A to point B by simply curving the space‑time continuum so that A and B are closer.  In any case we must move fast to do this kind of playing with time and space and the most powerful force in the universe is Gravity.  Let’s take a minor corollary:

 Ion Engine

 In the mid 60’s, a new engine was invented in which an electrically charged ion stream formed the reaction mass for the thrusters.  The most thrust it could produce was 1/10th HP with a projected maximum of 1 HP if they continued to work on improvements to the design.  It was weak but its Isp (specific impulse ‑ a rating of efficiency) was superior.  It could operate for years on a few pounds of fuel.  It was speculated that if a Mars mission were to leave Earth orbit and accelerate using an ion engine for half the mission and then decelerate for half the distance to Mars, they would get there 5 months sooner than if they had not used it.  The gain came from a high velocity exhaust of the ion engine giving a small but continuous gain in speed.

 Suppose such a small engine had 50,000 HP and could operate indefinitely.  Acceleration would be constant and rapid.  It might be possible to get to .8 or .9 of C (80% or 90% of the speed of light) over time with such an engine.  This is what a graviton engine could do.  At these speeds, the relativistic effects would take effect.   We now have all the ingredients

 Super String theory and other interesting versions of the space‑time continuum and space‑time curvature are still in their infancy.  We must explore them in our minds since we do not have the means to experiment in reality.  We make great gains when we can have a mind like Stephen Hawking working on the ideas.  We lose so much when we have politicians like Bush (Sr or Jr.) stop projects like the SSC.  We can envision the concept of travel and the desire and purpose but we haven’t yet resolved the mechanism.  The fact that what we observe in UFOs is at least consistent with some hard-core leading edge science is encouraging.

This is one subject that really surprises me that we haven’t begun some serious research into.  A lot of theoretical work has already been done and the observed evidence confirms the math.

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Alien Life Exists

18 July 2008 by admin.

October 13, 1998

I want to thank you for letting me post your article about gravity shielding that appeared in the March ‘98 WIRED magazine.  Your comments on my article about lightning sprites and the blue-green flash are also appreciated.  In light of our on-going exchange of ideas, I thought you might be interested in some articles I wrote for my WEB forum on “bleeding edge science” that I hosted awhile back.  Some of these ideas and articles date back to the mid-90’s, so some of the references are a little dated and some of the software that I use now is generally available as a major improvement over what I had then.

What I was involved with then can be characterized by the books and magazines I read, a combination of Skeptical Enquirer, Scientific American, Discovery and Nature.  I enjoyed the challenge of debunking some space cadet that had made yet another perpetual motion machine or yet another 250 mile-per-gallon carburetor - both claiming that the government or big business was trying to suppress their inventions.  Several of my articles were printed on the bulletin board that pre-dated the publication of the Skeptical Enquirer.

I particularly liked all the far-out inventions attributed to one of my heroes - Nikola Tesla.  To hear some of those fringe groups, you’d think he had to be an alien implant working on an intergalactic defense system.  I got more than one space cadet upset with me by citing real science to shoot down his gospel of zero-point energy forces and free energy.

Perhaps the most fun is taking some wing ding that has some crazy idea and bouncing that against what we know about in hard science.  Most often than not, they make use of fancy science terms and word that they do not really understand to try to add credibility to their ravings.  I have done this so often, in fact, that I thought I’d take on a challenge and try to play the other side for once.  I’ll be the wing nut and spin a yarn about some off the wall idea but I’ll do it in such a way that I’ll try to really convince you that it is true.  To that, I’m going to use every thing I know about science.  You be the judge if this sounds like a space cadet or not.

===============================

 

Are They Really There?             Life is Easy to Make: 

 Since 1953, with the Stanley Miller experiment, we have, or should have discarded the theory that we are unique in the universe.  Production of organic life and even DNA and RNA have been shown to occur in simple mixtures of hydrogen, ammonia, methane and water when exposed to an electrical discharge (lightning).  The existence of most of these components has been frequently verified by spectral analysis in distant stars but, of course, until recently, we can’t see the star’s planets.  Based on the most accepted star and planet formation theories, most star systems would have a significant number of planets with these elements and conditions.

 Quantifying the SETI

 A radio astronomer, Frank Drake developed some equations that were the first serious attempt to quantify the number of technical civilizations in our galaxy.  Unfortunately, his factors were very ambiguous and various scientists have produced numbers ranging from 1 to 10 billion technical civilizations in just our galaxy.  This condition of a formula is referred to as unstable or ill‑conditioned systems.  There are mathematical techniques to reduce the instability of such equations.  I attempted to do so to quantify the probability of the existence of intelligent life.

 I approached the process a little different.  Rather than come up with a single number for the whole galaxy, I decided to relate the probability to distance from Earth.  Later I added directionality.

 Using the basic formulas Drake used to start, I added a finite stochastic process using conditional probability. This produces a tree of event outcomes for each computed conditional probability.  (The conditions being quantified were those in his basic formula: rate of star formation; number of planets in each system with conditions favorable to life; fraction of planets with on which life develops; fraction of planets that develop intelligent life; fraction of planets that develop intelligent life that evolve technical civilizations capable of interstellar communications and the lifetime of such a civilization).

 I then layered one more parameter onto this by increasing the probability of a particular tree path inversely to the relation of one over the square of the distance.  This added a conservative estimate for the increasing probability of intelligent life as the distance from Earth increases and more stars and planets are included in the sample size.

 I Love Simulation Models

 I used standard values used by Gamow and Hawking in their computations, however, I ignored Riemannian geometry and assumed a purely Euclidean universe.  Initially, I assumed the standard cosmological principles of homogeneity and isotropic distributions.  (I changed that later) Of course this produced 1000’s of probable outcomes but by using a Monte Carlo simulation of the probability distribution and the initial computation factors of Drake’s formula (within reasonable limits), I was able to derive a graph of probability of technical civilizations as a function of distance.

 But I Knew That

 As was predictable before I started, the graph is a rising, non‑linear curve, converging on  if you go out in distance far enough 100%.  Even though the outcome was intuitive, what I gained was a range of distances with a range of corresponding probabilities of technical civilizations.  Obviously, the graph converges to 100% at infinite distances but what was really surprising is that it is above 99% before leaving the Milky Way Galaxy.  We don’t even have to go to Andromeda to have a very good chance of there being intelligent life in space.  Of course, that is not so unusual since our galaxy may have about 200 billion stars and some unknown multiple of planets.

 Then I made It Directional

 I toyed with one other computation.  The homogeneous and isotropic universe used by Einstein and Hawking is a mathematical convenience to allow them to relate the structure of the universe to their theories of space‑time. These mathematical fudge‑factors are not consistent with observation in small orders of magnitude in distance from earth ‑ out to the limits of what we can observe ‑ about 15 billion light years.  We know that there is inhomogeneous or lumps in the stellar density at these relatively close distances.  The closest lump is called the Local Group with 22 galaxies but it is on the edge of a super cluster of 2500 galaxies.  There is an even larger group called the Great Attractor that may contain tens of thousands of galaxies. 

By altering my formula,  I took into account the equatorial system direction (ascension & declination) of the inhomogeneous clustering.  Predictably, this just gave me a probability of intelligent life based on a vector rather than a scalar measure.  It did however, move the distance for any given probability much closer ‑ in the direction of clusters and super clusters.  So much so that at about 351 million light years, the probability is virtually 100%.  At only about 3 million light years, the probability is over 99%. That is well within the Local Group of galaxies.

 When you consider that there are tens of billions of stars and galaxies within detection range by Earth and some unknown quantity beyond detection - it is estimated that there are galaxies numbering as many as a 1 followed by 21 zeros - that is more than all the grains of sand in all the oceans, beaches and deserts in the entire world.  And in each of those galaxies, there are billions of stars!  Now you can begin to see that the formula to quantify the number of technical civilizations in space results in virtually 100% no matter how conservative you make the input values.  It can do no less than prove that life is out there.

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Alien Life

18 July 2008 by admin.

I presented the following to a Mensa conference on the paranormal (at Malvern) as a sort of icebreaker, tongue-in-cheek fun discussion.  It turned into the most popular (unofficial) discussion at the conference and created more than two years of follow-on discussions.

———————————————————————————————————

January 11, 1998

Sometimes is it fun to reverse-engineer something based on an observation or description.  This can be quite effective at times because it not only offers a degree of validation or contradiction of the observation, it also can force us to brainstorm and think outside the box.

As a reasonably intelligent person, I am well aware of the perspective of the real scientific community with regard to UFO’s.  I completely discount 99.5% of the wing-nuts and ring-dings that espouse the latest abduction, crop circle or cattle mutilation theories.  On the other hand, I also believe Drake’s formulas about life on other worlds and I can imagine that what we find impossible, unknown or un-doable may not be for a civilization that got started 2 million years before us – or maybe just 2 thousand years before us.  Such speculation is not the foolish babbling of a space cadet but rather the reasoned thinking outside the box – keeping an open mind to all possibilities.

In that vein as well as a touch of tongue in cheek, I looked for some topic to try my theory of reverse-engineering on that would test its limits and to test the limits of Plato.  (Plato is the name of my automated research tool)  With all the I hype about the 50^th anniversary of Roswell and the whole UFO fad in the news, I decided to try this reverse-engineer approach on UFOs and the little green (gray) men that are suppose to inhabit them. 

What I found was quite surprising.

Who are the Aliens and Where do they come from? 

 Assumptions:

1.      I began this by first verifying that the most common description of aliens (GREYS) has a high probability of being accurate.  I collected data from all over the world using key word searches of newspaper stories going back for several years and then ran some cross checks on those that did the reporting.  I discarded any eyewitnesses that had any previous recorded sightings or were connected to any organization that supported or studied UFOs.  Of the 961 left, I ran a Monte Carlo analysis on the statistical chances that they had contact with or communicated with other UFO people or with each other.  I then did a regression analysis on their descriptions and the circumstances of their sightings.  All this filtering left me with a small sample size of only 41 descriptions but I was much more confident that I had as credible a group of “witnesses” as I could find.

2.      The surprising result was a 93% correlation of data (coefficient of correlation) that what they described was the same or very similar and that they were reporting the truth, as they knew it to be.  The truth, in this case, can be compared to a baseline or reference description of the classical or typical aliens.  When I did this, I found that I had a group that was so consistent as to have a collective 91% reliability factor as compared to the baseline or reference description.  That is very high ‑ just ask any lawyer.  The assumption here, is that the reference description and the eye witnesses are telling the truth.  If we consider that these 41 descriptions came from countries all over the world and in some cases from areas that did not have mass media news services, it would be more implausible to imagine that they all had conspired or collaborated rather than told the truth.

3.      I also believe in evolution and that its basic concepts are common throughout the universe.

 

 Now back to the most common description of aliens (GREYS): whitish gray skin; large eyes; small nose, ears and mouth; small in stature (3‑4 ft), large pear‑shaped head, small, thin and fragile body and hands; bi‑pedal (two legs).  Less reliable (74%) is that they make noises that don’t sound like speech or words and sometimes don’t talk at all.

OK, this may or may not be true.  It could somehow have been a descriptions that was dreamed up years ago and has somehow become so universally known that all 41 of my witnesses have heard and repeat the exact same description.  Unlikely but possible.  But let us proceed anyway – as if this was a valid description of real aliens from reliable witnesses. 

 From only this data, I deduced that:

 Their planet is smaller than Earth, heavy atmosphere and further from their sun or circling a dimmer sun than ours. They evolved from life on a planet at least 5 million years older than ours.   And I think I know why they are here.

 

OK Sherlock, WHY?

 Eyes: The eyes are big because the light where they evolved is weak, i.e., dim or far away from their sun.  They need big eyes to see in the dim light.  That’s a normal evolutionary response.  This might also account for the pale skin color.

 Nose: The nose is small because the atmosphere is heavy.  A small intake of their air is enough to get the air they need to breath.  This also accounts for the small chest.  How big would your lungs be if we had 60% oxygen in our air instead of 21%.  This can also account for how a large brain can survive in a small body.  The head is 10% of the body weight and volume but it uses 40% of the blood oxygen.  A very small creature cannot have a very large head unless the blood carries a very high content of oxygen.

 I say oxygen is what they breath because witnesses seem to agree that they have been seen without helmets or breathing apparatus.  This would also imply that they are carbon-based creatures like us.

 Mouth: The mouth can be small for three reasons.  The body is small and they may not have to eat much.  The air is thick and they can make noises with little effort so they don’t need a big voice passage.  If they have evolved direct mental telepathy, the mouth is not needed to communicate.

 Head: The large head obviously relates to a large brain.  The large brain in that small a body equates to a long evolution.  It might take a long evolution and large brain to figure out how to travel long distances in space.  The triangle or pear‑shaped head is simply a match of large brain to a small mouth and body.

 Morals: If they have evolved to the point of a large brain and extended space travel, they probably have a very different social order than we do.  We tend to compare them to how we would act if we were them and that just doesn’t work.  They are not going to view us the way we would if we were in their place.  The stupid idea that all they want to do is conquer us and dominant the Earth is our projection of our own ideas and fears onto them.  If you had the technology to travel the universe, what possible gain would there be to dominating a primitive society?  .  Why? What for? 

Use of our planet and its resources?  Not when there are 100’s of billions of planets out there.  If you had the technology to travel the universe, wouldn’t you also have the technology to do terra-forming on any planet you found?  We already know how to do this so it is easy to imagine that  futuristic beings would know how.

Slave Labor?  Not likely.  We already have robots that can do fantastic things.  In 1000 years we will have robots to do almost anything we want.  Why use reluctant and technically inferior slaves when you can whip up a robot to do the work.

There is virtually no technical or social problem that we can imagine that a society that is 1000 or more years advanced from us could not easily resolve.

 These aliens are also very non‑aggressive.  Psychologists have long since discovered that learning plays a role in the development of aggressive behavior.   This is observed in all races of mankind as well as in lower animals.

As IQ goes up, all 13 different kinds of aggressive behavior goes down.  If they have hurt people in their explorations it is inadvertent or unintentional.  The same way we don’t set out to harm the primitive tribes that we study in social and medical experiments.

 Eating: They may have very different physical requirements also.  If our health food fad were to really take hold, we might get to a point of being able to separate the pleasure of eating from the need to.  If the pleasure of eating were satisfied in some other way, such as a pill or some sort of external stimulus, then only the nutritional need would be left as an excuse to eat.  Even today we can substitute pills and artificial supplements for real food.  It might even be possible to evolve food and people so that you take in food that entirely metabolizes and in just the right quantity that there is no waste.  The end result would be that we would eat very little and we would have no human waste product at all. The digestive system would change and the elimination parts (bladder, intestines and kidneys) would shrink.  The effect would be to reduce the size of the pelvis and lower body ‑ much as we see in the typical description of a GREY.

 Behavior: They probably also have evolved different requirements for mental existence and thought.  For instance, if you extend Maslow’s Hierarchy of Prepotency above “Self‑Actualization”, what’s next? Altruism? Spontaneous and Total Empathy? Adaptive Radiation? If you have satisfied the motives for power and security and can do anything with technology, what’s next? Perhaps it is to study another planet, the same way we are fascinated by a primitive culture in the Brazilian jungles.  Perhaps they would study us the way we study ants in a colony or bees.  We might be that relatively primitive to them.

 We have recently gained insight into how much damage we do when we inject modern society’s thinking and technology into primitive cultures.  If we evolve for another 500 years and can go explore space and come across a primitive culture that is still warlike and cannot go out into space, wouldn’t we just observe.  If we are trying to do that now, in 500 years we would not only be committed to that concept but our technology would be good enough to allow us to observe without being obtrusive.  Imagine what we would think and would be able to do in 25,000 years.

Now imagine what “they” are thinking as they visit us.

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Trans-Dimensional Travel

18 July 2008 by admin.

These articles deal with the fringe in that I was addressing the “science” behind so called UFO’s.

I have done some analysis on life in our solar system other than Earth and the odds against it are very high.  At least, life as we know it.  Even Mars probably did not get past early life stages before the O2 was consumed.  Any biologist will tell you that in our planet evolution, there were any number of critical thresholds of presence or absence of a gas or heat or water (or magnetic field or magma flow) that, if crossed, would have returned the planet to a lifeless dust ball. 

Frank Drakes formulas are a testament to that.  The only reason that his formulas are used to “prove” life exists is because of the enormous quantities of tries that nature has to get it right in the observable universe and over so much time.

One potential perspective is that what may be visiting us, as “UFO’s” could be a race or several races of beings that are 500 to 25,000 years or more advanced than us.  Given the age of the universe and the fact that our sun is probably second or third generation, this is not difficult to understand.  Some planet somewhere was able to get life started before Earth and they are now where we will be in the far distant future.

  Stanley Miller proved that life, as we know it, could form out of organic and natural events during the normal evolution of a class M planet.  But Drake showed that the chances of that occurring twice in one solar system is very high against it.  If you work backwards from their formulas, given the event of earth as an input of some solution of the equations, you would need something like 100 million planets to get even a slight chance for another planet with high‑tech life on it.

  Taken this into consideration and then comparing it to the chances that the monuments on mars are natural formations or some other claim of extraterrestrial life within our solar system, you must conclude that there is virtually no chance for life in our solar system.  Despite this, there are many that point to “evidence” such as the appearance of a face and pyramids in Mars photographs.  It sounds a lot like an updated version of the “canals” that were first seen in the 19th century.  Now we can “measure” these observations with extreme accuracy - or so they would have you believe.

The so‑called perfect measurements and alignment that are supposedly seen on the pyramids and “faces” are very curious since even the best photos we have of these sites have a resolution that could never support such accuracy in measurements.  When you get down to “measuring” the alignment and sizes of the sides, you can pretty much lay the compass or ruler anywhere you want because of the fuzz and loss of detail caused by the relatively poor resolution.  Don’t let someone tell you that they measured down to the decimal value of degrees and to within inches when the photo has a resolution of meters per pixel!

   As for the multidimensional universe; I believe Stephen Hawkin when he said that there are more than 3 dimensions however, for some complex mathematical reasons, a fifth dimension would not necessarily have any relationship to the first four and objects that have a fifth dimension would have units of the first four (l,w,h & time) that are very small ‑ on the order of atomic units of scale.  This means that according to our present understanding of the math, the only way we could experience more than 4 dimensions is to be able to be reduced to angstrom sizes and to withstand very high excitation from an external energy source.   Lets exclude the size issue for a moment since that is an artifact of the math model that we have chosen in the theory and may not be correct.

  We generally accept that time is the 4th dimension after l, w, and h which seem to be related as being in the same units but in different directions.  If time is a vector (which we believe it is) and it is so very different than up, down, etc, then what would you imagine a 5th dimension unit to be?

  Most people think of “moving” into another dimension and it being just some variation of the first 4 but this is not the case.  The next dimension, is not capable of being understood by us because we have no frame of reference. 

Hawkin makes a much better explanation of this in one of his books but suffice it to say that we do not know how to explore this question because we cannot conceive of the context of more than 4 dimensions.  The only way we can explore it is with math ‑ we can’t even graph it because we haven’t got a 5-axis coordinate system.  I have seen a 10 dimensional formula graphed but they did only 3 dimensions at a time. 

Whatever the relationship of a unit called a “second” has with a unit called a “meter”, may or may not be the same relationship as the meter has with “???????” (Whatever the units of the 5th dimension are called).  What could it possibly be?  You describe it for me, but don’t use any reference to the first 4 dimensions.  For instance, I can describe time or length without reference to any of the other known dimensions.  The bottom line is that this is one area that even a computer cannot help because no one has been able to give a computer an imagination ……..yet.  However, it is an area that is so beyond out thinking that perhaps we should not speculate about them coming from another dimension. 

Let’s look at other possibilities.    To do that, take a look at the other article on this blog titled, “Intergalactic Space Travel”.

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